Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Antiamoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Armogida, SA, Yannaras, NM, Melton, AL, Srivastava, MD. (2004). Identification and quantification of innate immune system mediators in human breast milk. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 25(5):297-304. Mediators of the innate immune system were determined in human colostrum. Human neutrophil-derived a-defensin 1 (HNP-1) and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) were present in high amounts, human alpha-defensin 6 (HD-6) was present in moderate amounts, and HD-5 and HBD-1 were present in the lowest concentrations. HNP-1, HD-5 and HD-6 were present in significantly higher amounts in colostrum than in mature milk. It is believed that the innate immune system provides protection for both maternal breast tissue and the developing digestive system of newborns.

Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor production by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 45(1):43-47 (1997).

Boesman-Finkelstein, M., et al., Passive oral immunization of children. Lancet. 1989. 49: p. 1336.

Boldogh, I, Liebenthal, D, Hughes, TK, Juelich, TL, Georgiades, JA, Kruzel, ML, Stanton, GJ. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003).

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Cesarone, MR, Belcaro, G, Di Renzo, A, Dugall, M, Cacchio, M, Ruffini, I, Pellegrini, L, Del Boccio, G, Fano, F, Ledda, A, Bottari, A, Ricci, A, Stuard, S, Vinciguerra, G. (2007) Prevention of influenza episodes with colostrum compared with vaccination in healthy and high-risk cardiovascular subjects: the epidemiologic study in San Valentino. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 13(2):13-6. Two month supplementation with oral colostrum was compared to anti-influenza vaccination in the prevention of flu. Colostrum was at least three times more effective than vaccination in preventing flu.

De Vinci, C, Levine, PH, Pizza, G, Fudenberg, HH, Orens, P, Pearson, G, Viza, D. Lessons from a pilot study of transfer factor in chronic fatigue syndrome. Biotherapy 9(1-3):87-90 (1996).

Dwyer, J. M. Manipulating the Immune System with Immune Globulin. New Engl. J. Med. 326(2):107-116. Jan. 9, 1992.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001). Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Inglot, A.D, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Colostrinine: a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 44(4):215-224 (1996).

Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) with immunoregulatory properties isolated from ovine colostrum. Murine thymocytes have on their surface a receptor specific for PRP. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):427-436 (1986).

Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)--an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 41(5-6):275-279 (1993).

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Janusz, M, Wieczorek, Z, Spiegel, K, Kubik, A, Szewczuk, Z, Siemion, I, Lisowski, J. Immunoregulatory properties of synthetic peptides, fragments of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Molecular Immunology 24(10):1029-1031 (1987).

 
Kruzel, ML, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Fischleigh, RV, Georgiades, JA. Towards an understanding of biological role of colostrinin peptides. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 17(3):379-389 (2001).
Kubis, A, Marcinkowska, E, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Studies on the mechanism of action of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP): effect on the stage of cell differentiation. Peptides 26(11):2188-2192 (2005).

Khazenson L.B., et al. "[Activity of bovine colostral IgG in the human digestive tract]." Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol, Immunobiol, 1980;9:101-106.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Ogra, P. et al. Colostrum Derived Immunity and Maternal Neonatal Interaction. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 409:82-92. 1983.

Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Pineiro, A.,et al. "Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties." Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.

Lisowski, J, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M. Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Bi-directional modulation of binding of peanut agglutinin, resistance to hydrocortisone, and helper activity in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 36(4):381-393 (1988).

Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology 20(12):1277-1282 (1983).

Siemion, IZ, Folkers, G, Szewczuk, Z, Jankowski, A, Kubik, A, Voelter, W. Peptides related to the active fragment of "proline rich polypeptide", an immunoregulatory protein of the ovine colostrum. Spectroscopic and computer modeling studies. International Journal of Protein and Peptide Research 36(6):506-514 (1990).

Solomons, N. W., Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):S24-S28 (2002).

Stoff, J. A., The Use of Dialyzable Bovine Colostrum Extract in Conjunction with a Holistic Treatment Model for Natural Killer Cell Stimulation in Chronic Illness. Obtained by Matol Botanical International (1-800-363-1890).

Stoff, J, et al. An Examination of Immune Response Modulation in Humans by Ai/E¹º® Utilizing A Double Blind Study. Townsend Letter April, 2002. Peptides in a colostrum extract increased levels of immune activity in healthy subjects.

Stephan, W., et al., Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1990. 28: p. 19-23.

Solomons NW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8. Related Articles, Links, Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. "Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk." Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.

Sabin, AB. Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology 20(12):1277-1282 (1983).

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Zimecki, M, Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunological activity of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 26(1-6):23-29 (1978).

Zimecki, M, Artym, J. Therapeutic properties of proteins and peptides from colostrum and milk. Post?py Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalne j 59:309-323 (2005).

Zimecki, M, Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Wieczorek, Z. The inhibitory activity of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the immune response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 31(6):895-903 (1983).

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